Inflamación y dolor: una breve revisión sobre mecanismos y terapéuticas

Autores/as

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15343/0104-7809.202650e18302025I

Palabras clave:

Antiinflamatorios, Prostaglandinas, Citocinas, Nocicepción, Analgésicos

Resumen

La inflamación es una respuesta inmunológica compleja a estímulos nocivos, como patógenos, células dañadas y toxinas, desempeñando un papel fundamental en la defensa del organismo y en la reparación tisular. Esta revisión narrativa seleccionó 41 estudios recientes que abordan los mecanismos celulares, moleculares y fisiopatológicos de la inflamación y su relación con el dolor, incluyendo influencias del estilo de vida y estrategias terapéuticas actuales y emergentes. La inflamación aguda se caracteriza por un inicio rápido, vasodilatación, aumento de la permeabilidad vascular y reclutamiento predominante de neutrófilos, con mediadores como prostaglandinas, leucotrienos, histamina, bradicinina y citocinas proinflamatorias, pudiendo generar manifestaciones sistémicas como edema periférico y pulmonar. La inflamación crónica resulta del fracaso en la resolución, con infiltrado mononuclear persistente, remodelación tisular, fibrosis y activación de la respuesta adaptativa. El dolor inflamatorio resulta de la sensibilización periférica de los nociceptores y de la activación central, mediada por neurotransmisores excitatorios, canales iónicos y receptores específicos, favoreciendo la hiperalgesia y la cronificación. La resolución activa, promovida por lipoxinas, resolvinas y maresinas, modula la inflamación y la nocicepción. Las intervenciones terapéuticas incluyen antiinflamatorios no esteroideos, glucocorticoides, terapias biológicas e inhibidores de JAK/STAT, aunque sus efectos adversos resaltan la necesidad de nuevas aproximaciones seguras. Factores del estilo de vida, como la obesidad, el estrés crónico y el sedentarismo, contribuyen a la inflamación de bajo grado y al dolor persistente. Comprender estas interacciones es crucial para desarrollar estrategias integradas que concilien la eficacia antiinflamatoria y analgésica con la seguridad clínica.

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Publicado

2026-01-22

Cómo citar

Franco, R. M., Pinto, F. R. M., Dias, E. H. V., & Franco, R. R. (2026). Inflamación y dolor: una breve revisión sobre mecanismos y terapéuticas. O Mundo Da Saúde, 50. https://doi.org/10.15343/0104-7809.202650e18302025I

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