Tecnologías de gene drive y salud global: un marco bioético para el control vectorial en contextos de desigualdad
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15343/0104-7809.202650e19042025PPalabras clave:
Gene Drive, Soberanía Epistémica, Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores, Principio de Precaución, Justicia DistributivaResumen
Las enfermedades transmitidas por vectores continúan representando una importante carga para la salud global, siendo el dengue responsable de 14,6 millones de casos y la malaria causante de aproximadamente 600.000 muertes en 2024, afectando de manera desproporcionada a las poblaciones del Sur Global. Las tecnologías de gene drive basadas en CRISPR-Cas9 han surgido como un enfoque disruptivo para el control vectorial; sin embargo, su gobernanza está marcada por asimetrías regulatorias y epistémicas. Este estudio tiene como objetivo formular un marco bioético integrador a partir del cual puedan derivarse criterios operativos para la regulación de las tecnologías de gene drive en contextos de urgencia epidemiológica. Se aplicó una metodología teórico-normativa, integrando evidencias epidemiológicas con la bioética crítica, la epistemología decolonial y el derecho internacional de bioseguridad. El análisis desarrolla un marco que combina la ética de la responsabilidad con la soberanía epistémica, del cual se deriva una matriz de indicadores de justicia distributiva y protocolos de consulta comunitaria para su aplicación regulatoria en el Sur Global. Los resultados indican que los instrumentos regulatorios existentes, en particular el Protocolo de Cartagena, presentan limitaciones en lo referente a la irreversibilidad, los riesgos transfronterizos y la rendición de cuentas. El marco propuesto ofrece un enfoque estructurado para incorporar la precaución, la justicia y la legitimidad procedimental en los procesos de toma de decisiones. Estos resultados sugieren que la gobernanza eficaz de las tecnologías de gene drive requiere la integración de la evaluación científica con criterios socialmente fundamentados, contribuyendo a prácticas regulatorias más robustas y sensibles al contexto en la salud global.
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Este artículo es una traducción en Português (Brasil) del artículo:
Gene drive technologies and global health: a bioethical framework for vector control in contexts of inequality
Citas
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Sansone NMS, Boschiero MN, Marson FAL. Dengue outbreaks in Brazil and Latin America: the new and continuing challenges. Int J Infect Dis [Internet]. 2024 [accessed April 13, 2026]; 147: 107192. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2024.107192
Gurgel-Gonçalves R, de Oliveira WK, Croda J. The greatest dengue epidemic in Brazil: surveillance, prevention, and control. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop [Internet]. 2024 [accessed April 13, 2026]; 57: e00203-2024. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1590/0037-8682-0113-2024
Ogoyi DO, Njagi J, Tonui W, Dass B, Quemada H, James S. Post-release monitoring pathway for the deployment of gene drive-modified mosquitoes for malaria control in Africa. Malar J [Internet]. 2024 [accessed April 13, 2026]; 23(351): 1–17. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-024-05179-4
Hammond A, Galizi R, Kyrou K, Simoni A, Siniscalchi C, Katsanos D, et al. A CRISPR-Cas9 gene drive system targeting female reproduction in the malaria mosquito vector Anopheles gambiae. Nat Biotechnol [Internet]. 2016 [accessed April 13, 2026]; 34(1): 78–83. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.3439
Schmidt H, Collier TC, Hanemaaijer MJ, Houston PD, Lee Y, Lanzaro GC. Abundance of conserved CRISPR-Cas9 target sites within the highly polymorphic genomes of Anopheles and Aedes mosquitoes. Nat Commun [Internet]. 2020 [accessed April 13, 2026]; 11(1425): 1–6. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1038/ s41467-020-15204-0
Oye KA, Esvelt K, Appleton E, Catteruccia F, Church G, Kuiken T, et al. Regulating gene drives. Science [Internet]. 2014 [accessed April 13, 2026]; 345(6197): 626–628. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1254287
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Gene drives on the horizon: advancing science, navigating uncertainty, and aligning research with public values. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2016.
Finda MF, Sambo M, Malika G, Njalambaha R, Salum S, Okumu FO. Exploratory conversations with biodiversity-oriented civil society groups on the potential applications of gene drive-modified mosquitoes for malaria control in Tanzania. Transgenic Res [Internet]. 2026 [accessed April 13, 2026]; 35(1): 1–18. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11248-025-00476-3
Kormos A, Lanzaro GC, Bier E, Santos V, Nazaré L, Pinto J, et al. Ethical considerations for gene drive: challenges of balancing inclusion, power and perspectives. Front Bioeng Biotechnol [Internet]. 2022 [accessed April 13, 2026]; 10: 826727. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2022.826727
Quijano A. Colonialidad del poder, eurocentrismo y América Latina. In: Lander E, editor. La colonialidad del saber: eurocentrismo y ciencias sociales. Perspectivas latinoamericanas. Buenos Aires: CLACSO; 2000. p. 201–246.
de Sousa Santos B. Epistemologies of the South: justice against epistemicide. Boulder: Paradigm Publishers; 2014.
Oehring D, Gunasekera P. Ethical frameworks and global health: a narrative review of the “leave no one behind” principle. Inquiry [Internet]. 2024 [accessed April 13, 2026]; 61: 1–13. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/00469580241288346
Ogunlade ST, Adekunle AI, McBryde ES. Mitigating dengue transmission in Africa: the need for Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes rollout. Front Public Health [Internet]. 2024 [accessed April 13, 2026]; 12: 1506072. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1506072
Moretti R, Lim JT, Ferreira AGA, Ponti L, Giovanetti M, Yi CJ, et al. Exploiting Wolbachia as a tool for mosquito-borne disease control: pursuing efficacy, safety, and sustainability. Pathogens [Internet]. 2025 [accessed April 13, 2026]; 14(3): 285. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14030285
Bocanegra-Villegas LV, Usaquen-Perilla SP, Gómez-Figueroa MA. Impact of Wolbachia-containing mosquito release on dengue control: a systems dynamics approach for health policy development. Global Health J [Internet]. 2025 [accessed April 13, 2026]; 9: 314–322. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j. glohj.2025.11.003
Ross PA, Robinson KL, Yang Q, Callahan AG, Schmidt TL, Axford JK, et al. A decade of stability for wMel Wolbachia in natural Aedes aegypti populations. PLoS Pathog [Internet]. 2022 [accessed April 13, 2026]; 18(2): e1010256. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1010256
Anders KL, Ribeiro GS, Lopes RS, Amadeu P, da Costa TR, Riback TIS, et al. Long-term durability and public health impact of city-wide wMel Wolbachia mosquito releases in Niterói, Brazil, during a dengue epidemic surge. Trop Med Infect Dis [Internet]. 2025 [accessed April 13, 2026]; 10(9): 237. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10090237
Ribeiro dos Santos G, Durovni B, Saraceni V, Riback TIS, Pinto SB, Anders KL, et al. Estimating the effect of the wMel release programme on the incidence of dengue and chikungunya in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: a spatiotemporal modelling study. Lancet Infect Dis [Internet]. 2022 [accessed April 13, 2026]; 22(11): 1587–1595. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00436-4
Calle-Tobón A, Rojo-Ospina R, Zuluaga S, Giraldo-Muñoz JF, Cadavid JM. Evaluation of Wolbachia infection in Aedes aegypti suggests low prevalence and highly heterogeneous distribution in Medellín, Colombia. Acta Trop [Internet]. 2024 [accessed April 13, 2026]; 260: 107423. Available at: https://doi. org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107423
Corrêa-Antônio J, David MR, Couto-Lima D, Garcia GA, Keirsebelik MSG, Maciel-de-Freitas R, et al. DENV-1 titer impacts viral blocking in twMel Aedes aegypti with Brazilian genetic background. Viruses [Internet]. 2024 [accessed April 13, 2026]; 16(2): 214. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/v16020214
Pavan MG, Gnonhoue FJ, Corrêa-Antônio J, Padilha KP, Garcia GA, de Oliveira F, et al. The long-term persistence of the wMel strain in Rio de Janeiro is threatened by poor integrated vector management and bacterium fitness cost on Aedes aegypti. PLoS Negl Trop Dis [Internet]. 2025 [accessed April 13, 2026]; 19(7): e0013372. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0013372
Gnankine O, Dabire RK. Natural occurrence of Wolbachia in Anopheles sp. and Aedes aegypti populations could compromise the success of vector control strategies. Front Trop Dis [Internet]. 2024 [accessed April 13, 2026]; 5: 1329015. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3389/fitd.2024.1329015
James SL, Dass B, Quemada H. Regulatory and policy considerations for the implementation of gene drive-modified mosquitoes to prevent malaria transmission. Transgenic Res [Internet]. 2023 [accessed April 13, 2026]; 32. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11248-023-00335-z
Kuzma J. Procedurally robust risk assessment framework for novel genetically engineered organisms and gene drives. Regul Gov [Internet]. 2021 [accessed April 13, 2026]; 15(4): 1144–1165. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/rego.12245
Meghani Z, Kuzma J. Regulating animals with gene drive systems: lessons from the regulatory assessment of a genetically engineered mosquito. J Responsible Innov [Internet]. 2018 [accessed April 13, 2026]; 5(Suppl 1): S203–S222. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/23299460.2017.1407912
Glover B, Akinbo O, Savadogo M, Timpo S, Lemgo G, Sinebo W, et al. Strengthening regulatory capacity for gene drives in Africa: leveraging NEPAD’s experience in establishing regulatory systems for medicines and GM crops in Africa. BMC Proc [Internet]. 2018 [accessed April 13, 2026]; 12(Suppl 8): 11. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12919-018-0108-y
Kelsey A, Stillinger D, Pham TB, Murphy J, Firth S, Carballar-Lejarazú R. Global governing bodies: a pathway for gene drive governance for vector mosquito control. Am J Trop Med Hyg [Internet]. 2020 [accessed April 13, 2026]; 103(3): 976–985. Available at: https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.19-0941
Quijano A. Cuestiones y horizontes: de la dependencia histórico-estructural a la colonialidad/descolonialidad del poder. Antología esencial. Clímaco DA, editor. Buenos Aires: CLACSO; 2014.
Feo Istúriz O, Basile G, Maizlish N. Rethinking and decolonizing theories, policies, and practice of health from the Global South. Int J Soc Determinants Health Health Serv [Internet]. 2023 [accessed April 13, 2026]; 54(1): 1–11. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/27551938231199325
Pogge TW. World poverty and human rights: cosmopolitan responsibilities and reforms. Cambridge: Polity Press; 2002.
Fricker M. Epistemic injustice: power and the ethics of knowing. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2007.
Pratt B, de Vries J. Where is knowledge from the Global South? An account of epistemic justice for a global bioethics. J Med Ethics [Internet]. 2023 [accessed April 13, 2026]; 49(10): 663–670. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1136/jme-2022-108291
Secretaría del Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica. Protocolo de Cartagena sobre seguridad de la biotecnología del Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica: texto y anexos. Montreal: Secretaría del Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica; 2000.
Jonas H. The imperative of responsibility: in search of an ethics for the technological age. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1985.
Boersma K, Ludwig D, Bovenkerk B. Gene drives as interventions into nature: the coproduction of ontology and morality in the gene drive debate. Nanoethics [Internet]. 2023 [accessed April 13, 2026]; 17(4): 1–15. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11569-023-00439-0
Annas GJ, Beisel CL, Clement K, Crisanti A, Francis S, Galardini M, et al. A code of ethics for gene drive research. CRISPR J [Internet]. 2021 [accessed April 13, 2026]; 4(1): 19–26. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1089/crispr.2020.0096
Benatar S, Daibes I, Tomsons S. Inter-philosophies dialogue: creating a paradigm for global health ethics. Kennedy Inst Ethics J [Internet]. 2016 [accessed April 13, 2026]; 26(3): 323–346. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1353/ken.2016.0027
Biswas I. Ethical dimensions and societal implications: ensuring the social responsibility of CRISPR technology. Front Genome Ed [Internet]. 2025 [accessed April 13, 2026]; 7: 1593172. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3389/fgeed.2025.1593172
Sykes N, Bigirwenkya J, Coche I, Drabo M, Dzokoto D, O’Loughlin S, et al. Procedural legitimacy: co-developing a community agreement model for genetic approaches research to malaria control in Africa. Malar J [Internet]. 2024 [accessed April 13, 2026]; 23(359): 1–15. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936 024-05160-1
Wise IJ, Borry P. An ethical overview of the CRISPR-based elimination of Anopheles gambiae to combat malaria. J Bioeth Inq [Internet]. 2022 [accessed April 13, 2026]; 19(4): 641–656. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11673-022-10172-0
Pare Toe L, Dicko B, Linga R, Barry N, Drabo M, Sykes N, et al. Operationalizing stakeholder engagement for gene drive research in malaria elimination in Africa—translating guidance into practice. Malar J [Internet]. 2022 [accessed April 13, 2026]; 21(225): 1–16. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-022 04241-3
Pare Toe L, Barry N, Ky AD, Kekele S, Meda W, Bayala K, et al. Small-scale release of non-gene drive mosquitoes in Burkina Faso: from engagement implementation to assessment, a learning journey. Malar J [Internet]. 2021 [accessed April 13, 2026]; 20(395): 1–16. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1186/ s12936-021-03929-2
James S, Collins FH, Welkhoff PA, Emerson C, Godfray HCJ, Gottlieb M, et al. Pathway to deployment of gene drive mosquitoes as a potential biocontrol tool for elimination of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa: recommendations of a scientific working group. Am J Trop Med Hyg [Internet]. 2018 [accessed April 13, 2026]; 98(Suppl 6): 1–49. Available at: https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.18-0083
Sansone NMS, Boschiero MN, Marson FAL. Dengue outbreaks in Brazil and Latin America: the new and continuing challenges. Int J Infect Dis [Internet]. 2024 [accessed April 13, 2026]; 147: 107192. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2024.107192
Gurgel-Gonçalves R, de Oliveira WK, Croda J. The greatest dengue epidemic in Brazil: surveillance, prevention, and control. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop [Internet]. 2024 [accessed April 13, 2026]; 57: e00203-2024. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1590/0037-8682-0113-2024
Ogoyi DO, Njagi J, Tonui W, Dass B, Quemada H, James S. Post-release monitoring pathway for the deployment of gene drive-modified mosquitoes for malaria control in Africa. Malar J [Internet]. 2024 [accessed April 13, 2026]; 23(351): 1–17. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-024-05179-4
Hammond A, Galizi R, Kyrou K, Simoni A, Siniscalchi C, Katsanos D, et al. A CRISPR-Cas9 gene drive system targeting female reproduction in the malaria mosquito vector Anopheles gambiae. Nat Biotechnol [Internet]. 2016 [accessed April 13, 2026]; 34(1): 78–83. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.3439
Schmidt H, Collier TC, Hanemaaijer MJ, Houston PD, Lee Y, Lanzaro GC. Abundance of conserved CRISPR-Cas9 target sites within the highly polymorphic genomes of Anopheles and Aedes mosquitoes. Nat Commun [Internet]. 2020 [accessed April 13, 2026]; 11(1425): 1–6. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1038/ s41467-020-15204-0
Oye KA, Esvelt K, Appleton E, Catteruccia F, Church G, Kuiken T, et al. Regulating gene drives. Science [Internet]. 2014 [accessed April 13, 2026]; 345(6197): 626–628. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1254287
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Gene drives on the horizon: advancing science, navigating uncertainty, and aligning research with public values. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2016.
Finda MF, Sambo M, Malika G, Njalambaha R, Salum S, Okumu FO. Exploratory conversations with biodiversity-oriented civil society groups on the potential applications of gene drive-modified mosquitoes for malaria control in Tanzania. Transgenic Res [Internet]. 2026 [accessed April 13, 2026]; 35(1): 1–18. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11248-025-00476-3
Kormos A, Lanzaro GC, Bier E, Santos V, Nazaré L, Pinto J, et al. Ethical considerations for gene drive: challenges of balancing inclusion, power and perspectives. Front Bioeng Biotechnol [Internet]. 2022 [accessed April 13, 2026]; 10: 826727. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2022.826727
Quijano A. Colonialidad del poder, eurocentrismo y América Latina. In: Lander E, editor. La colonialidad del saber: eurocentrismo y ciencias sociales. Perspectivas latinoamericanas. Buenos Aires: CLACSO; 2000. p. 201–246.
de Sousa Santos B. Epistemologies of the South: justice against epistemicide. Boulder: Paradigm Publishers; 2014.
Oehring D, Gunasekera P. Ethical frameworks and global health: a narrative review of the “leave no one behind” principle. Inquiry [Internet]. 2024 [accessed April 13, 2026]; 61: 1–13. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/00469580241288346
Ogunlade ST, Adekunle AI, McBryde ES. Mitigating dengue transmission in Africa: the need for Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes rollout. Front Public Health [Internet]. 2024 [accessed April 13, 2026]; 12: 1506072. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1506072
Moretti R, Lim JT, Ferreira AGA, Ponti L, Giovanetti M, Yi CJ, et al. Exploiting Wolbachia as a tool for mosquito-borne disease control: pursuing efficacy, safety, and sustainability. Pathogens [Internet]. 2025 [accessed April 13, 2026]; 14(3): 285. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14030285
Bocanegra-Villegas LV, Usaquen-Perilla SP, Gómez-Figueroa MA. Impact of Wolbachia-containing mosquito release on dengue control: a systems dynamics approach for health policy development. Global Health J [Internet]. 2025 [accessed April 13, 2026]; 9: 314–322. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j. glohj.2025.11.003
Ross PA, Robinson KL, Yang Q, Callahan AG, Schmidt TL, Axford JK, et al. A decade of stability for wMel Wolbachia in natural Aedes aegypti populations. PLoS Pathog [Internet]. 2022 [accessed April 13, 2026]; 18(2): e1010256. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1010256
Anders KL, Ribeiro GS, Lopes RS, Amadeu P, da Costa TR, Riback TIS, et al. Long-term durability and public health impact of city-wide wMel Wolbachia mosquito releases in Niterói, Brazil, during a dengue epidemic surge. Trop Med Infect Dis [Internet]. 2025 [accessed April 13, 2026]; 10(9): 237. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10090237
Ribeiro dos Santos G, Durovni B, Saraceni V, Riback TIS, Pinto SB, Anders KL, et al. Estimating the effect of the wMel release programme on the incidence of dengue and chikungunya in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: a spatiotemporal modelling study. Lancet Infect Dis [Internet]. 2022 [accessed April 13, 2026]; 22(11): 1587–1595. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00436-4
Calle-Tobón A, Rojo-Ospina R, Zuluaga S, Giraldo-Muñoz JF, Cadavid JM. Evaluation of Wolbachia infection in Aedes aegypti suggests low prevalence and highly heterogeneous distribution in Medellín, Colombia. Acta Trop [Internet]. 2024 [accessed April 13, 2026]; 260: 107423. Available at: https://doi. org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107423
Corrêa-Antônio J, David MR, Couto-Lima D, Garcia GA, Keirsebelik MSG, Maciel-de-Freitas R, et al. DENV-1 titer impacts viral blocking in twMel Aedes aegypti with Brazilian genetic background. Viruses [Internet]. 2024 [accessed April 13, 2026]; 16(2): 214. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/v16020214
Pavan MG, Gnonhoue FJ, Corrêa-Antônio J, Padilha KP, Garcia GA, de Oliveira F, et al. The long-term persistence of the wMel strain in Rio de Janeiro is threatened by poor integrated vector management and bacterium fitness cost on Aedes aegypti. PLoS Negl Trop Dis [Internet]. 2025 [accessed April 13, 2026]; 19(7): e0013372. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0013372
Gnankine O, Dabire RK. Natural occurrence of Wolbachia in Anopheles sp. and Aedes aegypti populations could compromise the success of vector control strategies. Front Trop Dis [Internet]. 2024 [accessed April 13, 2026]; 5: 1329015. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3389/fitd.2024.1329015
James SL, Dass B, Quemada H. Regulatory and policy considerations for the implementation of gene drive-modified mosquitoes to prevent malaria transmission. Transgenic Res [Internet]. 2023 [accessed April 13, 2026]; 32. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11248-023-00335-z
Kuzma J. Procedurally robust risk assessment framework for novel genetically engineered organisms and gene drives. Regul Gov [Internet]. 2021 [accessed April 13, 2026]; 15(4): 1144–1165. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/rego.12245
Meghani Z, Kuzma J. Regulating animals with gene drive systems: lessons from the regulatory assessment of a genetically engineered mosquito. J Responsible Innov [Internet]. 2018 [accessed April 13, 2026]; 5(Suppl 1): S203–S222. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/23299460.2017.1407912
Glover B, Akinbo O, Savadogo M, Timpo S, Lemgo G, Sinebo W, et al. Strengthening regulatory capacity for gene drives in Africa: leveraging NEPAD’s experience in establishing regulatory systems for medicines and GM crops in Africa. BMC Proc [Internet]. 2018 [accessed April 13, 2026]; 12(Suppl 8): 11. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12919-018-0108-y
Kelsey A, Stillinger D, Pham TB, Murphy J, Firth S, Carballar-Lejarazú R. Global governing bodies: a pathway for gene drive governance for vector mosquito control. Am J Trop Med Hyg [Internet]. 2020 [accessed April 13, 2026]; 103(3): 976–985. Available at: https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.19-0941
Quijano A. Cuestiones y horizontes: de la dependencia histórico-estructural a la colonialidad/descolonialidad del poder. Antología esencial. Clímaco DA, editor. Buenos Aires: CLACSO; 2014.
Feo Istúriz O, Basile G, Maizlish N. Rethinking and decolonizing theories, policies, and practice of health from the Global South. Int J Soc Determinants Health Health Serv [Internet]. 2023 [accessed April 13, 2026]; 54(1): 1–11. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/27551938231199325
Pogge TW. World poverty and human rights: cosmopolitan responsibilities and reforms. Cambridge: Polity Press; 2002.
Fricker M. Epistemic injustice: power and the ethics of knowing. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2007.
Pratt B, de Vries J. Where is knowledge from the Global South? An account of epistemic justice for a global bioethics. J Med Ethics [Internet]. 2023 [accessed April 13, 2026]; 49(10): 663–670. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1136/jme-2022-108291
Secretaría del Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica. Protocolo de Cartagena sobre seguridad de la biotecnología del Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica: texto y anexos. Montreal: Secretaría del Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica; 2000.
Jonas H. The imperative of responsibility: in search of an ethics for the technological age. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1985.
Boersma K, Ludwig D, Bovenkerk B. Gene drives as interventions into nature: the coproduction of ontology and morality in the gene drive debate. Nanoethics [Internet]. 2023 [accessed April 13, 2026]; 17(4): 1–15. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11569-023-00439-0
Annas GJ, Beisel CL, Clement K, Crisanti A, Francis S, Galardini M, et al. A code of ethics for gene drive research. CRISPR J [Internet]. 2021 [accessed April 13, 2026]; 4(1): 19–26. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1089/crispr.2020.0096
Benatar S, Daibes I, Tomsons S. Inter-philosophies dialogue: creating a paradigm for global health ethics. Kennedy Inst Ethics J [Internet]. 2016 [accessed April 13, 2026]; 26(3): 323–346. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1353/ken.2016.0027
Biswas I. Ethical dimensions and societal implications: ensuring the social responsibility of CRISPR technology. Front Genome Ed [Internet]. 2025 [accessed April 13, 2026]; 7: 1593172. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3389/fgeed.2025.1593172
Sykes N, Bigirwenkya J, Coche I, Drabo M, Dzokoto D, O’Loughlin S, et al. Procedural legitimacy: co-developing a community agreement model for genetic approaches research to malaria control in Africa. Malar J [Internet]. 2024 [accessed April 13, 2026]; 23(359): 1–15. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936 024-05160-1
Wise IJ, Borry P. An ethical overview of the CRISPR-based elimination of Anopheles gambiae to combat malaria. J Bioeth Inq [Internet]. 2022 [accessed April 13, 2026]; 19(4): 641–656. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11673-022-10172-0
Pare Toe L, Dicko B, Linga R, Barry N, Drabo M, Sykes N, et al. Operationalizing stakeholder engagement for gene drive research in malaria elimination in Africa—translating guidance into practice. Malar J [Internet]. 2022 [accessed April 13, 2026]; 21(225): 1–16. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-022 04241-3
Pare Toe L, Barry N, Ky AD, Kekele S, Meda W, Bayala K, et al. Small-scale release of non-gene drive mosquitoes in Burkina Faso: from engagement implementation to assessment, a learning journey. Malar J [Internet]. 2021 [accessed April 13, 2026]; 20(395): 1–16. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1186/ s12936-021-03929-2
James S, Collins FH, Welkhoff PA, Emerson C, Godfray HCJ, Gottlieb M, et al. Pathway to deployment of gene drive mosquitoes as a potential biocontrol tool for elimination of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa: recommendations of a scientific working group. Am J Trop Med Hyg [Internet]. 2018 [accessed April 13, 2026]; 98(Suppl 6): 1–49. Available at: https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.18-0083
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2026-05-12
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Ramos-Zaga, F. A. (2026). Tecnologías de gene drive y salud global: un marco bioético para el control vectorial en contextos de desigualdad. O Mundo Da Saúde, 50. https://doi.org/10.15343/0104-7809.202650e19042025P
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