Coping Resiliente e Burnout em assistentes sociais da saúde na primeira vaga da Pandemia COVID-19 em Portugal e Espanha
10.15343/0104-7809.202145517532
Palabras clave:
Serviço Social. Burnout. Resiliência. Pandemia. Risco ocupacional.Resumen
Os assistentes sociais na área da saúde enfrentaram um exigente desafio profissional durante a Pandemia de COVID-19 que teve repercussões multidimensionais. Os estudos com profissionais de saúde sobre Burnout e estratégias resilientes têm sido considerados relevantes e ganharam especial atenção pela sua posição na resposta à Pandemia. Aqui evidenciamos os riscos de Burnout e a potencial proteção do coping numa profissão que estabelece mediações na dimensão social da saúde e da doença. Tivemos como objetivo compreender o seu impacto nos assistentes sociais que trabalharam na área da saúde em Portugal e Espanha durante a primeira vaga, analisando os níveis de coping resiliente e de Burnout. Participaram 336 assistentes sociais de Portugal (n = 252) e de Espanha (n = 84). pesar da percepção elevada de stressores multidimensionais (a nível pessoal, relacional, profissional e organizacional), os riscos de Burnout foram moderados a baixos. A predisposição para o burnout por despersonalização foi residual (1,8%), mas por baixa realização pessoal (18,8%) e por exaustão emocional (21,4%) foram mais elevados, no entanto a maioria não evidenciou risco de Burnout. Os níveis de coping resiliente apresentados perante a pandemia COVID-19 foram baixos (47%) ou moderados (29,8%), havendo 23,2% com níveis elevados. A agregação de Burnout e coping em três perfis de risco revela diferenças na percepção do receio de implicações em trabalhar com doentes, ao impacte sentido no trabalho e no apoio sentido na unidade de saúde. Devem ser promovidas estratégias de suporte e de resiliência que favoreçam o bem-estar psicossocial e profissional dos assistentes sociais na área da saúde, especialmente em emergência.
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5. Sinclair VG, Wallston KA. The Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the Brief Resilient Coping Scale. Assessment. 2004; 11(1): 94–101. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191103258144
6. Luthar SS, Cicchetti D, Becker B. The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Dev. 2000; 71(3): 543–562. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00164
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9. Cole C, Waterman S, Stott J, Saunders R, Buckman J, Pilling S., Wheatley J. Adapting IAPT services to support frontline NHS staff during the Covid-19 pandemic: The Homerton Covid Psychological Support (HCPS) pathway. Cog Behav Ther. 2020; 13: E12. https:// doi.org/10.1017/S1754470X20000148
10. Rajkumar RP. COVID-19 and mental health: A review of the existing literature. Asian J Psychiat. 2020; 52: 102066. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102066
11. Mortier P, Vilagut G, Ferrer M, Serra C, Dios Molina J, López‐Fresneña N, ... MINDCOVID Working Group. Thirty‐day suicidal thoughts and behaviors among hospital workers during the first wave of the Spain COVID‐19 outbreak. Depress Anxiety. 2020; 38(5): 528-544. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.23129
12. Hoffarth MJ. The Making of Burnout: From Social Change to Self-Awareness in the Postwar United States, 1970-1982, Hist Human Sci. 2017; 30(5): 30–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/0952695117724929
13. Peinado M, Anderson KN. Reducing social worker burnout during COVID-19. IntSoc Work. 2020; 63(6): 757–760. https://doi. org/10.1177/0020872820962196
14. Smullens S. What I Wish I Had Known, Part 2: The Impact of Societal Burnout on Our Social Work Profession and Beyond. New Soc Worker. 2020; 27(2): 20–21. https://www.socialworker.com/feature-articles/field-placement/What_I_Wish_I_Had_Known_Burnout_ and_Self-Care_in_Our_Social_Work_Profession/
15. Queen D, Harding K. Societal pandemic burnout: A COVID legacy. IntWound J. 2020; 17: 873–874. https://doi.org/10.1111/ iwj.13441
16. Ben-Ezra M, Hamama-Raz Y. Social Workers during COVID-19: Do Coping Strategies Differentially Mediate the Relationship between Job Demand and Psychological Distress? BrJSoc Work. 2020. bcaa210. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcaa210
17. De-la-Fuente-Roldán IN, Sánchez-Moreno E. Trabajo social, síndrome de estar quemado por el trabajo y malestar psíquico: Un estudio empírico en una muestra de trabajadores sociales de la Comunidad de Madrid. Portularia. 2012; 12(Addenda): 121–130. https://doi.org/10.5218/prts.2012.0013
18. Facal-Fondo T. Prevalencia del Síndrome de Burnout en trabajadores sociales de los servicios sociales comunitários. Portularia. 2012; 12(1): 59–69. https://doi.org/10.5218/prts.2012.0034
19. Morales-Llamas Z, Pérez-Hernández S, Rodríguez-Suárez G. Estudio exploratorio sobre el síndrome de Burnout en la profesión de Trabajo Social y su relación con variables del contexto laboral. Glob Soc Work. 2020; 10(19): 304–321. https://doi.org/10.30827/ tsg-gsw.v10i19.11375
20. Banks S, Cai T, Jonge E, Shears J, Shum M, Sobočan AM, Strom K, Truell R, Úriz MJ., Weinberg M. Practising ethically during COVID-19: Social work challenges and responses. Internat Soc Work. 2020; 63(5): 569-583. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872820949614
21. Truell R, Crompton S. To the top of the cliff. How social work changed with COVID-19. Rheinfelden: International Federation of Social Workers; 2020. https://www.ifsw.org/product/books/to-the-top-of-the-cliff-how-social-work-changed-with-covid-19/
22. Sooprthy M S, Pratapa S K, Mahant S. Mental Mental health problems faced by healthcare workers due to the COVID-19 pandemic–A review. Asian J Psychiatr. 2020; 51: 102119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102119
23. Maslach C, Jackson S. Maslach Burnout Inventory – Human Services Survey. In Maslach, C., Jackson, S.E. & Leiter, M.P. (eds). Maslach Burnout Inventory Manual (3rd edition). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychology Press; 1996.
24. Marôco J, Marôco A, Leite E, Bastos C, Vazão M, Campos J. Burnout in Portuguese Healthcare Professionals: An Analysis at the National Level. Acta Med Port. 2016; 29(1): 24-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.20344/amp.6460
25. Semedo C. Bem-Estar Psicológico no Trabalho e Acidentalidade Laboral em profissionais de saúde (Tese de Doutoramento). Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela; 2009.
26. Gil-Monte PR. Factorial validity of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI-HSS) among Spanish professionals. Rev Saude Pub. 2005; 39(1): 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0034-89102005000100001
27. Berjot S, Altintas E, Grebot E, Lesage F-X. Burnout risk profiles among French psychologists. Burn Res. 2017; 7: 10–20. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.burn.2017.10.001
28. Campos ICM, Pereira SS, Schiavon ICA, Alves M. Maslach burnout inventory - human services survey (Mbi-hss): revisão integrativa de sua utilização em pesquisas Brasileiras. Arq Ciências Saúde UNIPAR. 2020; 24(3): 187-195. https://doi.org/10.25110/arqsaude. v24i3.2020.7875
29. Shirom A. Burnout in Work Organizations. In C. L. Cooper, & I. Robertson (Eds.), Organ Psychol Rev (pp. 25-48). New York: Wiley; 1989.
30. Ribeiro JLP, Morais R. Adaptação portuguesa da escala breve de coping resiliente. PsicolSaúde e Doenças. 2010; 11(1): 5-13. https://www.redalyc.org/comocitar.oa?id=36219018001
31. Moret-Tatay C, Fernández Muñoz JJ, Civera-Mollá C, Navarro-Pardo E, Alcover de la Hera CM. Psychometric properties and Factor structure of the BRCS in an elderly Spanish sample. An de Psicolog. 2015; 31(3): 1030-1034. https://dx.doi.org/10.6018/ analesps.31.3.188401
32. Kim HY. Statistical notes for clinical researchers: assessing normal distribution (2) using skewness and kurtosis. Restor Dent Endod. 2013; 38(1): 52–54. https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2013.38.1.52
33. Sage M. Ten Ways COVID-19 Created the Perfect Storm for Social Worker Burnout (and why I still have hope); 2020. https://www. linkedin.com/pulse/ten-ways-covid-19-created-perfect-storm-social-worker-melanie/
34. Ribeiro S, Amaro MI. Os assistentes sociais e o burnout em Portugal. Lisboa: Associação dos Profissionais de Serviço Social; 2017.
35. Maslach C, Leiter M. The truth about burnout. San Francisco: Jossey Bass; 1997.
36. McFadden P. Measuring burnout among UK social workers: A Community Care study. Community Care 2015. http://www.qub. ac.uk/home/media/Media,514081,en.pdf
37. Romero-Martín S, Elboj-Saso C, Iñiguez-Berrozpe T. Burnout entre los/as profesionales del Trabajo Social en España. Estado de la cuestión. Glob SocWork. 2020; 10(19): 48-78. https://doi.org/10.30827/tsg-gsw.v10i19.15342
38. Monterrosa-Castro A, Dávila-Ruiz R, Mejía-Mantilla A, Contreras-Saldarriaga J, Mercado-Lara M, Flores-Monterrosa C. Estrés laboral, ansiedad y miedo al COVID-19 en médicos generales colombianos. MedUNAB. 2020; 23(2): 195-213. doi: 10.29375/01237047.3890
39. Santamaría MD, Ozamiz-Etxebarria N, Rodríguez IR, Alboniga-Mayor JJ, Gorrotxategi MP. Impacto psicológico de la COVID-19 en una muestra de profesionales sanitarios españoles. Rev Psiquiat Salud. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rpsm.2020.05.004
40. Velazquez CA, Benitez ODR. Actitudes del personal de enfermería en el hogar ante la pandemia covid-19. Acad Disclosure. 2020; 1(1): 262-272. https://revistascientificas.una.py/ojs/index.php/rfenob/article/view/154
41. Soeiro J, Araújo M, Figueiredo S. Cuidar de Quem Cuida. Lisboa: Penguin Random House; 2020.
42. Guadalupe S, Gonçalves MJM, Fonseca P, Silva AMFF, Ávila O. Assistentes sociais no sistema de saúde em Portugal: uma análise dos rácios. Emancipação. 2020; 20: 1-22. https//doi.org/10.5212/Emancipacao.v.20.2014784.010
43. Dominelli L, Harrikari T, Mooney J, Leskošek V, Tsunoda EK. Covid-19 and Social Work: a collection of country reports. COVID-19 Social Work Research Forum; 2020. https://www.iassw-aiets.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/IASSW-COVID-19-and-Social-Work- Country-Reports-Final-1.pdf
2. Duarte I, Teixeira A, Castro L, Marina S, Ribeiro C, Jácome C, Martins V, Ribeiro-Vaz I, Pinheiro, HC, Silva AR, Ricou M, Sousa B, Alves C, Oliveira A, Silva P, Nunes R, Serrão C. Burnout among Portuguese healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Public Health. 2020; 20(1): 1885. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09980-z
3. Khasne RW, Dhakulkar BS, Mahajan, HC, Kulkarni AP. Burnout among Healthcare Workers during COVID-19 Pandemic in India: Results of a Questionnaire-based Survey. Indian J Crit Care Med. 2020; 24(8): 664–671. https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10071-23518
4. Morgantini LA, Naha U, Wang H, Francavilla S, Acar O, Flores JM, et al. Factors contributing to healthcare professional burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic: A rapid turnaround global survey. PLoS ONE. 2020; 15(9): e0238217. https://doi.org/10.1371/ journal. pone.0238217
5. Sinclair VG, Wallston KA. The Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the Brief Resilient Coping Scale. Assessment. 2004; 11(1): 94–101. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191103258144
6. Luthar SS, Cicchetti D, Becker B. The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Dev. 2000; 71(3): 543–562. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00164
7. Sanders, R. ESSS Outline: Covid-19, stress, anxiety, and social care worker's mental health. Iriss 2020. https://doi.org/10.31583/ esss.20200529
8. Sung CW, Chen CH, Fan CY, Su FY, Chang JH, Hung CC, et al. Burnout in Medical Staffs During a Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Pandemic 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3594567
9. Cole C, Waterman S, Stott J, Saunders R, Buckman J, Pilling S., Wheatley J. Adapting IAPT services to support frontline NHS staff during the Covid-19 pandemic: The Homerton Covid Psychological Support (HCPS) pathway. Cog Behav Ther. 2020; 13: E12. https:// doi.org/10.1017/S1754470X20000148
10. Rajkumar RP. COVID-19 and mental health: A review of the existing literature. Asian J Psychiat. 2020; 52: 102066. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102066
11. Mortier P, Vilagut G, Ferrer M, Serra C, Dios Molina J, López‐Fresneña N, ... MINDCOVID Working Group. Thirty‐day suicidal thoughts and behaviors among hospital workers during the first wave of the Spain COVID‐19 outbreak. Depress Anxiety. 2020; 38(5): 528-544. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.23129
12. Hoffarth MJ. The Making of Burnout: From Social Change to Self-Awareness in the Postwar United States, 1970-1982, Hist Human Sci. 2017; 30(5): 30–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/0952695117724929
13. Peinado M, Anderson KN. Reducing social worker burnout during COVID-19. IntSoc Work. 2020; 63(6): 757–760. https://doi. org/10.1177/0020872820962196
14. Smullens S. What I Wish I Had Known, Part 2: The Impact of Societal Burnout on Our Social Work Profession and Beyond. New Soc Worker. 2020; 27(2): 20–21. https://www.socialworker.com/feature-articles/field-placement/What_I_Wish_I_Had_Known_Burnout_ and_Self-Care_in_Our_Social_Work_Profession/
15. Queen D, Harding K. Societal pandemic burnout: A COVID legacy. IntWound J. 2020; 17: 873–874. https://doi.org/10.1111/ iwj.13441
16. Ben-Ezra M, Hamama-Raz Y. Social Workers during COVID-19: Do Coping Strategies Differentially Mediate the Relationship between Job Demand and Psychological Distress? BrJSoc Work. 2020. bcaa210. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcaa210
17. De-la-Fuente-Roldán IN, Sánchez-Moreno E. Trabajo social, síndrome de estar quemado por el trabajo y malestar psíquico: Un estudio empírico en una muestra de trabajadores sociales de la Comunidad de Madrid. Portularia. 2012; 12(Addenda): 121–130. https://doi.org/10.5218/prts.2012.0013
18. Facal-Fondo T. Prevalencia del Síndrome de Burnout en trabajadores sociales de los servicios sociales comunitários. Portularia. 2012; 12(1): 59–69. https://doi.org/10.5218/prts.2012.0034
19. Morales-Llamas Z, Pérez-Hernández S, Rodríguez-Suárez G. Estudio exploratorio sobre el síndrome de Burnout en la profesión de Trabajo Social y su relación con variables del contexto laboral. Glob Soc Work. 2020; 10(19): 304–321. https://doi.org/10.30827/ tsg-gsw.v10i19.11375
20. Banks S, Cai T, Jonge E, Shears J, Shum M, Sobočan AM, Strom K, Truell R, Úriz MJ., Weinberg M. Practising ethically during COVID-19: Social work challenges and responses. Internat Soc Work. 2020; 63(5): 569-583. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872820949614
21. Truell R, Crompton S. To the top of the cliff. How social work changed with COVID-19. Rheinfelden: International Federation of Social Workers; 2020. https://www.ifsw.org/product/books/to-the-top-of-the-cliff-how-social-work-changed-with-covid-19/
22. Sooprthy M S, Pratapa S K, Mahant S. Mental Mental health problems faced by healthcare workers due to the COVID-19 pandemic–A review. Asian J Psychiatr. 2020; 51: 102119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102119
23. Maslach C, Jackson S. Maslach Burnout Inventory – Human Services Survey. In Maslach, C., Jackson, S.E. & Leiter, M.P. (eds). Maslach Burnout Inventory Manual (3rd edition). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychology Press; 1996.
24. Marôco J, Marôco A, Leite E, Bastos C, Vazão M, Campos J. Burnout in Portuguese Healthcare Professionals: An Analysis at the National Level. Acta Med Port. 2016; 29(1): 24-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.20344/amp.6460
25. Semedo C. Bem-Estar Psicológico no Trabalho e Acidentalidade Laboral em profissionais de saúde (Tese de Doutoramento). Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela; 2009.
26. Gil-Monte PR. Factorial validity of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI-HSS) among Spanish professionals. Rev Saude Pub. 2005; 39(1): 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0034-89102005000100001
27. Berjot S, Altintas E, Grebot E, Lesage F-X. Burnout risk profiles among French psychologists. Burn Res. 2017; 7: 10–20. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.burn.2017.10.001
28. Campos ICM, Pereira SS, Schiavon ICA, Alves M. Maslach burnout inventory - human services survey (Mbi-hss): revisão integrativa de sua utilização em pesquisas Brasileiras. Arq Ciências Saúde UNIPAR. 2020; 24(3): 187-195. https://doi.org/10.25110/arqsaude. v24i3.2020.7875
29. Shirom A. Burnout in Work Organizations. In C. L. Cooper, & I. Robertson (Eds.), Organ Psychol Rev (pp. 25-48). New York: Wiley; 1989.
30. Ribeiro JLP, Morais R. Adaptação portuguesa da escala breve de coping resiliente. PsicolSaúde e Doenças. 2010; 11(1): 5-13. https://www.redalyc.org/comocitar.oa?id=36219018001
31. Moret-Tatay C, Fernández Muñoz JJ, Civera-Mollá C, Navarro-Pardo E, Alcover de la Hera CM. Psychometric properties and Factor structure of the BRCS in an elderly Spanish sample. An de Psicolog. 2015; 31(3): 1030-1034. https://dx.doi.org/10.6018/ analesps.31.3.188401
32. Kim HY. Statistical notes for clinical researchers: assessing normal distribution (2) using skewness and kurtosis. Restor Dent Endod. 2013; 38(1): 52–54. https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2013.38.1.52
33. Sage M. Ten Ways COVID-19 Created the Perfect Storm for Social Worker Burnout (and why I still have hope); 2020. https://www. linkedin.com/pulse/ten-ways-covid-19-created-perfect-storm-social-worker-melanie/
34. Ribeiro S, Amaro MI. Os assistentes sociais e o burnout em Portugal. Lisboa: Associação dos Profissionais de Serviço Social; 2017.
35. Maslach C, Leiter M. The truth about burnout. San Francisco: Jossey Bass; 1997.
36. McFadden P. Measuring burnout among UK social workers: A Community Care study. Community Care 2015. http://www.qub. ac.uk/home/media/Media,514081,en.pdf
37. Romero-Martín S, Elboj-Saso C, Iñiguez-Berrozpe T. Burnout entre los/as profesionales del Trabajo Social en España. Estado de la cuestión. Glob SocWork. 2020; 10(19): 48-78. https://doi.org/10.30827/tsg-gsw.v10i19.15342
38. Monterrosa-Castro A, Dávila-Ruiz R, Mejía-Mantilla A, Contreras-Saldarriaga J, Mercado-Lara M, Flores-Monterrosa C. Estrés laboral, ansiedad y miedo al COVID-19 en médicos generales colombianos. MedUNAB. 2020; 23(2): 195-213. doi: 10.29375/01237047.3890
39. Santamaría MD, Ozamiz-Etxebarria N, Rodríguez IR, Alboniga-Mayor JJ, Gorrotxategi MP. Impacto psicológico de la COVID-19 en una muestra de profesionales sanitarios españoles. Rev Psiquiat Salud. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rpsm.2020.05.004
40. Velazquez CA, Benitez ODR. Actitudes del personal de enfermería en el hogar ante la pandemia covid-19. Acad Disclosure. 2020; 1(1): 262-272. https://revistascientificas.una.py/ojs/index.php/rfenob/article/view/154
41. Soeiro J, Araújo M, Figueiredo S. Cuidar de Quem Cuida. Lisboa: Penguin Random House; 2020.
42. Guadalupe S, Gonçalves MJM, Fonseca P, Silva AMFF, Ávila O. Assistentes sociais no sistema de saúde em Portugal: uma análise dos rácios. Emancipação. 2020; 20: 1-22. https//doi.org/10.5212/Emancipacao.v.20.2014784.010
43. Dominelli L, Harrikari T, Mooney J, Leskošek V, Tsunoda EK. Covid-19 and Social Work: a collection of country reports. COVID-19 Social Work Research Forum; 2020. https://www.iassw-aiets.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/IASSW-COVID-19-and-Social-Work- Country-Reports-Final-1.pdf
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2022-02-02
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Guadalupe, S., Espírito Santo, I., & Morro Fernandéz, L. (2022). Coping Resiliente e Burnout em assistentes sociais da saúde na primeira vaga da Pandemia COVID-19 em Portugal e Espanha: 10.15343/0104-7809.202145517532 . O Mundo Da Saúde, 45, 517–532. Recuperado a partir de https://revistamundodasaude.emnuvens.com.br/mundodasaude/article/view/1245
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